Abstract
The surface texture and chemistry of WE43 absorbable magnesium stents (AMS) and tube specimens processed by chemical and reactive ion etching (RIE) were investigated. Tube specimens were produced in three different conditions, namely as-received, chemically etched and plasma etched. The results of scanning electron microscopy, atomic force microscopy and energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy studies showed that plasma etching and cleaning reduced surface roughness by 10 % compared to chemical etching alone, and completely removed surface deposits remaining from the chemical etch process. The same combination of chemical and plasma etching processes was employed to produce AMS. Expansion tests demonstrated uniform stent expansion characteristics and confirmed the viability of the device. The results of this study show that RIE is an effective surface modification technique for absorbable magnesium devices.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Cotter JJ, Maguire P, Soberon F et al (2011) Disinfection of meticillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus and Staphylococcus epidermidis biofilms using a remote non-thermal gas plasma. J Hosp Infect 78:204–207
Yang J, Cui F, Lee IS, Wang X (2010) Plasma surface modification of magnesium alloy for biomedical application. Surf Coat Technol 205:S182–S187
Cvelbar U, Vujoševič D, Vratnica Z, Mozetič M (2006) The influence of substrate material on bacteria sterilization in an oxygen plasma glow discharge. J Phys D Appl Phys 39:3487–3493
Halfmann H, Bibinov N, Wunderlich J, Awakowicz P (2007) A double inductively coupled plasma for sterilization of medical devices. J Phys D Appl Phys 40:4145–4154
Moreira AJ, Mansano RD, Andreoli Pinto TDJ et al (2004) Sterilization by oxygen plasma. Appl Surf Sci 235:151–155
Serruys PW (2006) Fourth annual American College of Cardiology international lecture: a journey in the interventional field. J Am Coll Cardiol 47:1754–1768
Lally C, Kelly DJ, Prendergast PJ (2006). Stents. Wiley Encyclopedia of Biomedical Engineering. doi: 10.1002/9780471740360.ebs1142
Serruys PW, Ormiston JA, Onuma Y et al (2009) A bioabsorbable everolimus–eluting coronary stent system (ABSORB): 2-year outcomes and results from multiple imaging methods. Lancet 373:897–910
Erne P, Schier M, Resink TJ (2006) The road to bioabsorbable stents: reaching clinical reality? Cardiovasc Intervent Radiol 29:11–16
Stack RE, Califf RM, Phillips HR (1988) Interventional cardiac catheterization at Duke Medical Center. Am J Cardiol 62:3F–24F
Tamai H, Igaki K, Kyo E et al (2000) Initial and 6-month results of biodegradable poly-l-lactid acid coronary sents in humans. J Am Heart Assoc 102:399–404
Peuster M, Wohlsein P, Brugmann M et al (2001) A novel approach to temporary stenting: degradable cardiovascular stents produced from corrodible metal-results 6–18 months after implantation into New Zealand white rabbits. Heart (Br Card Soc) 86:563–569
Peuster M, Hesse C, Schloo T et al (2006) Long-term biocompatibility of a corrodible peripheral iron stent in the porcine descending aorta. Biomaterials 27:4955–4962
Heublein B, Rohde R, Kaese V et al (2003) Biocorrosion of magnesium alloys: a new principle in cardiovascular implant technology? Heart 89:651–656
Di Mario C, Griffiths H, Goktekin O et al (2004) Drug-eluting bioabsorbable magnesium stent. J Interv Cardiol 17:391–395
Peeters P, Bosiers M, Verbist J et al (2005) Preliminary results after application of absorbable metal stents in patients with critical limb ischemia. J Endovasc Ther 12:1–5
Hermawan H, Alamdari H, Mantovani D, Dubé D (2008) Iron–manganese: new class of metallic degradable biomaterials prepared by powder metallurgy. Powder Metall 51:38–45
Hassel T, Bach FW, Golovko AN (2006) Production and properties of small tubes made from MgCa0.8 for application as stent in biomedical science. In: Kainer KU (ed) 7th international conference on magnesium alloys and their applications. Wiley-VCH, Dresden
Demir AG, Previtali B, Colombo D et al (2012) Fiber laser micromachining of magnesium alloy tubes for biocompatible and biodegradable cardiovascular stents. In: Proceedings of the SPIE, vol 8237
Wu W, Chen S, Gastaldi D, Petrini L (2012) Experimental data confirm numerical modeling on degradation process of magnesium alloys stents. Acta Biomater (in press)
Waksman R, Erbel R, Di Mario C et al (2009) Early- and long-term intravascular ultrasound and angiographic findings after bioabsorbable magnesium stent implantation in human coronary arteries. JACC Cardiovasc Interv 2:312–320
Erbel R, Di Mario C, Bartunek J et al (2007) Temporary scaffolding of coronary arteries with bioabsorbable magnesium stents: a prospective, non-randomised multicentre trial. Lancet 369:1869–1875
Haude M, Erbel R, Erne P et al (2013) Safety and performance of the drug-eluting absorbable metal scaffold (DREAMS) in patients with de-novo coronary lesions: 12 month results of the prospective, multicentre, first-in-man BIOSOLVE-I trial. Lancet 6736:1–9
Bosiers M, Deloose K, Verbist J, Peeters P (2005) First clinical application of absorbable metal stents in the treatment of critical limb ischemia: 12-month results. Vasc Dis Manag 2:86–91
Bosiers M, Peeters P, D’Archambeau O et al (2009) AMS INSIGHT—absorbable metal stent implantation for treatment of below-the-knee critical limb ischemia: 6-month analysis. Cardiovasc Interv Radiol 32:424–435
Ramsden JJ, Allen DM, Stephenson DJ et al (2007) The design and manufacture of biomedical surfs. CIRP Ann Manuf Technol 56:687–711
Hoche H, Scheerer H, Probst D et al (2003) Development of a plasma surface treatment for magnesium alloys to ensure sufficient wear and corrosion resistance. Surf Coat Technol 175:1018–1023
Tian XB, Wei CB, Yang SQ et al (2005) Corrosion resistance improvement of magnesium alloy using nitrogen plasma ion implantation. Surf Coat Technol 198:454–458
Wan GJ, Maitz MF, Sun H et al (2007) Corrosion properties of oxygen plasma immersion ion implantation treated magnesium. Surf Coat Technol 201:8267–8272
Zhao Y, Wu G, Pan H et al (2012) Formation and electrochemical behavior of Al and O plasma-implanted biodegradable Mg–Y–RE alloy. Mater Chem Phys 132:187–191
Morshed MM, Alam MM, Daniels SM (2011) Moisture removal from natural jute fibre by plasma drying process. Plasma Chem Plasma Process 32:249–258
Migliavacca F, Petrini L, Montanari V et al (2005) A predictive study of the mechanical behaviour of coronary stents by computer modelling. Med Eng Phys 27:13–18
Abderrazak K, Kriaa W, Ben Salem W et al (2009) Numerical and experimental studies of molten pool formation during an interaction of a pulse laser (Nd:YAG) with a magnesium alloy. Opt Laser Technol 41:470–480
Gray-Munro JE, Seguin C, Strong M (2009) Influence of surface modification on the in vitro corrosion rate of magnesium alloy AZ31. J Biomed Mater Res Part A 91:221–230
Nishimoto KT (2003) A study of plasma etching for use in active metals. MSc. thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology
Kim G-H, Kim C-I (2007) Dry etching of magnesium oxide thin films by using inductively coupled plasma for buffer layer of MFIS structure. Thin Solid Films 515:4955–4959
Hänzi AC, Gunde P, Schinhammer M, Uggowitzer PJ (2009) On the biodegradation performance of an Mg–Y–RE alloy with various surface conditions in simulated body fluid. Acta Biomater 5:162–171
Lu P, Cao L, Liu Y et al (2011) Evaluation of magnesium ions release, biocorrosion, and hemocompatibility of MAO/PLLA-modified magnesium alloy WE42. J Biomed Mater Res Part B 96:101–109
Seeger JM, Ingegno MD, Bigatan E et al (1995) Hydrophilic surface modification of metallic endoluminal stents. J Vasc Surg 22:327–336
Gu XN, Zheng YF (2010) A review on magnesium alloys as biodegradable materials. Front Mater Sci China 4:111–115
Yang J, Cui F, Lee IS (2011) Surface modifications of magnesium alloys for biomedical applications. Ann Biomed Eng 39:1857–1871
Gill P (2012) Corrosionand biocompatibility assessment of magnesium alloys. J Biomater Nanobiotechnol 03:10–13
Yi CH, Jeong CH, Lee YH et al (2004) Oxide surface cleaning by an atmospheric pressure plasma. Surf Coat Technol 177–178:711–715
Nakamura Y, Suzuki Y, Watanabe Y (1996) Effect of oxygen plasma etching on adhesion between polyimide films and metal. Thin Solid Films 290–291:367–369
Walter R, Kannan MB (2010) Influence of surface roughness on the corrosion behaviour of magnesium alloy. Mater Des 32:2350–2354
Kiousis DE, Wulff AR, Holzapfel GA (2009) Experimental studies and numerical analysis of the inflation and interaction of vascular balloon catheter–stent systems. Ann Biomed Eng 37:315–330
Acknowledgments
The authors would like to acknowledge the provision of project funding by an IRCSET fellowship under the Embark Initiative (RS/2006/82).
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Galvin, E., Morshed, M.M., Cummins, C. et al. Surface Modification of Absorbable Magnesium Stents by Reactive Ion Etching. Plasma Chem Plasma Process 33, 1137–1152 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11090-013-9477-1
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11090-013-9477-1